无机砷和甲基砷在水稻体内吸收运移的比较研究

由于含甲基砷的农药残留或土壤中微生物的砷甲基化作用,除了无机砷,水稻籽粒中也可以检测到相当含量的不同形态的甲基砷.通过水培试验研究了不同形态砷在水稻幼苗中的吸收、转运、转化和外排.结果表明,水稻中各形态砷的含量排序为:亚砷酸盐(As(Ⅲ))>单甲基砷盐(MMA(Ⅴ))>砷酸盐(As(Ⅴ))>二甲基砷盐(DMA(Ⅴ)),但从地下部向地上部的转运系数排序为:DMA(Ⅴ)>As(Ⅲ)>As(Ⅴ)>MMA(Ⅴ).实验中未发现水稻体内无机砷向甲基砷的转化,甲基砷向无机砷的转化比例也较低,但观察到MMA(Ⅴ)部分被还原为MMA(Ⅲ).相比其地上部和地下部的吸收量,DMA(Ⅴ)在水稻中通过木质部(向上)和韧皮部(向下)的转运比例在4种形态砷中最高.甲基砷(MMA(Ⅴ)和DMA(Ⅴ))通过根系外排的速率和比例明显的高于无机砷(As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)).实验结果表明,不同形态砷的累积与其在水稻体内的吸收、运移及砷的根系外排密切相关.     

企业应急管理初探

从应急管理的基本概念出发,介绍我国的应急管理体系,并在此基础上对企业的应急管理从定义、组织机构和主要内容等几个方面进行了探究.     

太湖水华期营养盐空间分异特征与赋存量估算

基于2013年7月的空间高密度采样数据,对太湖水华期水体营养盐进行了空间分异特征分析及赋存量估算,探讨了大型浅水湖泊不同生态类型湖区水华与营养盐的相关关系及样点设置的代表性.结果发现,水华期太湖水体营养盐及叶绿素a浓度(CHL)总体上均呈现由西北向东南降低的趋势;氮主要以溶解态存在,占总氮(TN)的76.28%,磷主要以颗粒态赋存,占总磷(TP)的66.38%.采用主成分分析和聚类分析,可以将采样点分为相互之间具有显著性差异的4个区域:第一区位于西北湖区,代表水华严重的重富营养湖区;第二区主要包括梅梁湾及南太湖的入湖河口一带湖区,代表水华和富营养化程度都相对中等的湖区;第三区包括湖心区和西南湖区,代表中等污染但水华频现湖区;第四区包括贡湖湾、胥口湾和东太湖等其他区域,代表水华影响较弱、水质较好湖区.分区统计分析表明,不同湖区影响浮游藻类生长的因子也不同:从全湖来看,与CHL显著相关的营养盐指标为TP、TN、溶解性总氮(TDN)和硝态氮(NO-3-N),而在第一区则为TP和TDN,第二区为TN和TDN,第三区为TP、磷酸盐(PO3-4-P)和TDN,第四区为PO3-4-P、溶解性总磷(TDP)和亚硝酸盐(NO-2-N).基于空间插值获得调查期间太湖水体TN、TDN、TP和TDP的赋存量分别为12 800、9 800、445和150 t.研究表明,作为一个大型浅水湖泊,因蓝藻水华空间迁移积聚特征和生态类型异化等特征,太湖水华期的营养盐具有高度空间异质性,对于此类大型浅水湖泊的监测与评价,应当考虑点位的合理布设及结果的恰当解读,避免因监测布点和统计方法不当而以偏概全.     

Comparisons of polybrominated diphenyl ethers levels in paired South Korean cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk samples

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), commonly used flame retardants, have been reported as potential endocrine disruptor and neurodevelopmental toxicants, thus giving rise to the public health concern. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between umbilical cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk concentrations of PBDEs in South Korean. We assessed PBDE levels in paired samples of umbilical cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk. The levels of seven PBDE congeners were measured in 21 paired samples collected from the Cheil Woman’s Hospital (Seoul, Korea) in 2008. We also measured thyroid hormones levels in maternal and cord blood to assess the association between PBDEs exposure and thyroid hormone levels. However, there was no correlation between serum thyroxin (T4) and total PBDEs concentrations. The total PBDEs concentrations in the umbilical cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk were 10.7 ± 5.1 ng g⁻¹ lipid, 7.7 ± 4.2 ng g⁻¹ lipid, and 3.0 ± 1.8 ng g⁻¹ lipid, respectively. The ranges of total PBDE concentrations observed were 2.28-30.94 ng g⁻¹ lipid in umbilical cord blood, 1.8-17.66 ng g⁻¹ lipid in maternal blood, and 1.08-8.66 ng g⁻¹ lipid in breast milk. BDE-47 (45-73% of total PBDEs) was observed to be present dominantly in all samples, followed by BDE-153. A strong correlation was found for major BDE-congeners between breast milk and cord blood or maternal blood and cord blood samples. The measurement of PBDEs concentrations in maternal blood or breast milk may help to determine the concentration of PBDEs in infant.     

好氧颗粒污泥形成与运行稳定性的影响因素试验分析

用普通絮状污泥作为接种污泥,用SBR作为反应器,分析了高径比、污泥容积负荷以及营养比例(BOD5:N:P)等因素对好氧颗粒污泥形成的影响.试验结果表明,高径比对好氧颗粒污泥的形成有直接关系;污泥容积负荷越高、碳氮比正常、磷源缺乏越易诱导好氧颗粒污泥的骨架丝状菌的生长,可以促进好氧颗粒污泥的提前形成,但是越易引起粘性膨胀的出现.在高径比为38;6,污泥容积负荷为1.67 kg/(m3·d).BOD5:N:P为100:5:1,沉淀时同为2 h时,其好氧颗粒污泥形成时间为17个周期,成熟时间为23个周期,粒径为2～3 mm,平均污泥沉降比(SV)为29.0%,对模拟废水COD的平均去除率达94.3%.     

崇明东滩低碳农业园区建设绩效评估

低碳农业园区建设是推动温室气体减排的重要手段,低碳农业园区发展决策需要绩效评估的支持。而目前关于该类园区绩效评估尚属亟待研究的新课题。通过理论分析和实地调查，在弄清了东滩低碳农业园区基本运作现状的基础上，首次提出了低碳农业园区建设绩效评估指标体系，并利用AHP确定了各指标权重。然后利用东滩低碳农业园区的数据，并结合与常碳农业的比较，评估了该园区的建设绩效。结果显示：该指标体系能够很好地评估该园区的绩效水平，反映了其绩效结构。虽然该园区建设的社会效益等方面若干指标急需改善，但其经济效益、资源循环利用与环境保护水平得到了很大的提高，综合低碳效应非常明显,发展潜力很大。因此，低碳农业园区具有很好的推广价值     

多年冻土区工程迹地人工恢复区植物和土壤的矿质元素含量特征

选择青藏高原多年冻土区工程迹地的人工恢复植物和紫花针茅草原的优势植物以及对应的土壤样品进行对照，利用原子吸收法分析了它们的矿质元素含量特征。结果表明：多年冻土区工程迹地人工恢复区植物的元素含量：＞1 000 μg/g的元素有Ca、P和Na，100～1 000 μg/g的元素有Mn、K、Fe、Mg和Al；而对照紫花针茅草原优势植物的元素含量：＞1 000 μg/g的元素有Ca和Na，100～1 000 μg/g的元素有P、Mn、K、Fe、Mg和Al。人工恢复区土壤元素含量：＞1 000 μg/g的元素有Ca、Fe和Mn，100～1000 μg/g的元素有Mg、K、Al、P和Na；对照紫花针茅草原土壤元素含量：＞1 000 μg/g的元素有Ca、Fe，100～1 000 μg/g的元素有Mn、Mg、Al、K、P和Na。该区域植物和土壤元素含量都属于Ca > K 型。人工恢复植物和对照的紫花针茅草原植物对土壤元素的吸收能力具有较高的相似性。K和Al元素的累积与其他元素没有显著的相关关系，其他元素之间为正相关关系，元素之间的吸收累积属于协同作用，无明显的撷抗作用     

自然资源特许经营权流转的法理基础与制度构建

自然资源特许经营权的流转有助于发挥市场在资源配置中的基础作用,通过价格杠杆和竞争引导自然资源的开发利用.基于自然资源特许经营权的用益物权属性,特许经营者享有流转决定自由、选择流转相对人自由及定价自由,国家可基于自然资源所有者和社会管理者的双重身份对特许经营权流转予以限制.我国矿业权、海域使用权、取水权、渔业权等自然资源特许经营权流转立法还存在较多法律障碍.直接转让、作价出资、证券化、出租、抵押等是特许经营权流转的基本形式,并且受到流转主体的资质、流转客体的适格和流转形式的要式等限制.     

Hemoglobin (Hb) immobilized on amino-modified magnetic nanoparticles for the catalytic removal of bisphenol A

Catalytic removal of bisphenol A from aqueous solution with hemoglobin immobilized on amino-modified magnetic nanoparticles as an enzyme catalyst was reported. The amino-modified magnetite nanoparticles were firstly prepared by the coprecipitation of Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ with NH₃·H₂O and then modified by 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. The immobilization process was optimized by examining enzyme concentration, glutaraldehyde concentration, cross-link time, and immobilization time. The optimum conditions for the removal of bisphenol A with immobilized hemoglobin were also investigated. Under the optimality conditions, the removal efficiency of bisphenol A was about 80.3%. The immobilization had a beneficial effect on the stability of hemoglobin and conversions of bisphenol A. According to the proposed breakdown pathway and the intermediates, the enzyme-catalytic removal of bisphenol A by the immobilized hemoglobin is considered to be an effective method.     

Observed chemical characteristics of long-range transported particles at a marine background site in Korea

Deokjeok Island is located off the west coast of the Korean Peninsula and is a suitable place to monitor the long-range transport of air pollutants from the Asian continent. In addition to pollutants, Asian dust particles are also transported to the island during long-range transport events. Episodic transport of dust and secondary particles was observed during intensive measurements in the spring (March 31-April 11) and fall (October 13-26) of 2009. In this study, the chemical characteristics of long-range-transported particles were investigated based on highly time-resolved ionic measurements with a particle-into-liquid system coupled with an online ion chromatograph (PILS-IC) that simultaneously measures concentrations of cations (Li+, Na , NH4+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) and anions (F-, C1-, NO3-, SO42-). The aerosol optical thickness (AOT) distribution retrieved by the modified Bremen Aerosol Retrieval (M-BAER) algorithm from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite data confirmed the presence of a thick aerosol plume coming from the Asian continent towards the Korean peninsula. Seven distinctive events involving the long-range transport (LRT) of aerosols were identified and studied, the chemical components of which were strongly related to sector sources. Enrichment of acidic secondary aerosols on mineral dust particles, and even of sea-salt components, during transport was observed in this study. Backward trajectory, chemical analyses, and satellite aerosol retrievals identified two distinct events: a distinctively high [Ca2++Mg2]/[Na+] ratio (>2.0), which was indicative of a preprocessed mineral dust transport event, and a low [Ca2++Mg2+]/[Na+] ratio (<2.0), which was indicative of severe aging of sea-salt components on the processed dust particles. Particulate C1- was depleted by up to 85% in spring and 50% in the fall. A consistent fraction of carbonate replacement (FCR) averaged 0.53 in spring and 0.55 in the fall. Supporting evidences of C1- enrichment on the marine boundary layer prior to a dust front were also found. Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of the Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association for sector and air mass classifications of clean and LRT cases.